A pyramid (from Greek ???????o? - pyramidos, genitive of ??????? - pyramis) is any three-dimensional polyhedron where the faces other than the base are triangular and converge on one point, called the apex. The base of a pyramid can be any polygon but is typically a square, leading to four non-base faces. A pyramid is said to be regular if its base is a regular polygon and its upper faces are congruent isosceles triangles. Cutting off the top of a pyramid, using a plane parallel to the plane of the base, leaves a frustum of a pyramid, sometimes called a flat-topped pyramid, though it no longer satisfies the definition of a pyramid.
Pyramid (architecture), ceremonial structures used as tombs or temples that were built by the people of certain ancient civilization, notably the ancient Egyptians, the Aztecs, and the Maya ,and certain other ancient peoples of the northern Andean region of South America The Pyramids of Egypt are of an exact pyramidal form, having four triangular sides that meet at a point at the summit. Pyramids in Central and South America by contrast are flat-topped, and usually have steps leading to the summit. The Egyptian pyramids were built as royal tombs, and were designed to hold the body of the pharaoh. Those in Central and South America were temples on the summit of which religious rituals were performed, although they sometimes also served as the tombs of important rulers.
CHAPTER I
Pyramidology
Definition:
Pyramidology is a term used to refer to various pseudoscientific speculations regarding pyramids. Most of these speculations deal in particular with the Egyptian pyramids, especially the Pyramid of Khufu at Giza. However, "pyramidologists" also concern themselves with the monumental structures of pre-Columbian America (such as Teotihuacan the Mesoamerican Maya civilization, and the Inca of the South American Andes), and the temples of Southeast Asia. The claims of pyramidology are regarded as pseudoscience by the scientific community at large, who regard their hypotheses as sensationalist, inaccurate and wholly deficient in empirical analysis and application of the scientific method. Even so, several writers whose speculative works consist of or use material of this nature have found a receptive audience among some sectors of the general public, and the sales of their books can be substantial. Pyramidologists claim that the Pyramid of Khufu has predicted the exodus of Moses from Egypt, the crucifixion of Christ, and the start of World War One by using pyramid inches to calculate years. They have used this method to work out the end of the world, which will be in the year 2979.
Types of pyramidology
The main types of pyramidological accounts involve one or more aspects which are :
- pseudoarchaeological: Theories that deny that the pyramids were built to serve as tombs; alternative explanations about the construction of the pyramids (for example the use of anti-gravity technology); and hypotheses that they were built by someone other than the historical Ancient Egyptians (e.g. Atlanteans, extra-terrestrials).
- numerological: Theories that the measurements of the Great Pyramid are esoterically significant, and their geometric measurements contain some encoded message.
- Pyramid power: Claims that pyramids as a geometrical shape contain supernatural powers.
History
Charles Piazzi Smyth probably coined the term, and claimed in 1870 to have made important contributions to "Pyramidology".
Martin Gardner described Pyramidology in 1952, thusly:
" [ ] known as Pyramidology [ ] rivals Atlantis in the number of books devoted to it [ ]" "
Gardner continues:
" [ ] it was not until 1859 that Pyramidology was born. This was the year that John Taylor, an eccentric partner in a London publishing firm, issued his The Great Pyramid: Why was it Built- And Who Built it- [ ] Taylor never visited the Pyramid, but the more he studied its structure, the more he became convinced that its architect was not an Egyptian, but an Israelite acting under divine orders. Perhaps it was Noah himself." "
This diagram from Smyth's Our Inheritance in the Great Pyramid (1864) shows some of his measurements and chronological determinations made from them. John Taylor was also the source of the frequently claimed appearances of both Pi and the golden ratio in the proportions A pyramid (from Greek ???????o? - pyramidos, genitive of ??????? - pyramis) is any three-dimensional polyhedron where the faces other than the base are triangular and converge on one point, called the apex. The base of a pyramid can be any polygon but is typically a square, leading to four non-base faces. A pyramid is said to be regular if its base is a regular polygon and its upper faces are congruent isosceles triangles. Cutting off the top of a pyramid, using a plane parallel to the plane of the base, leaves a frustum of a pyramid, sometimes called a flat-topped pyramid, though it no longer satisfies the definition of a pyramid.
Pyramid (architecture), ceremonial structures used as tombs or temples that were built by the people of certain ancient civilization, notably the ancient Egyptians, the Aztecs, and the Maya ,and certain other ancient peoples of the northern Andean region of South America The Pyramids of Egypt are of an exact pyramidal form, having four triangular sides that meet at a point at the summit. Pyramids in Central and South America by contrast are flat-topped, and usually have steps leading to the summit. The Egyptian pyramids were built as royal tombs, and were designed to hold the body of the pharaoh. Those in Central and South America were temples on the summit of which religious rituals were performed, although they sometimes also served as the tombs of important rulers.
CHAPTER I
Pyramidology
Definition:
Pyramidology is a term used to refer to various pseudoscientific speculations regarding pyramids. Most of these speculations deal in particular with the Egyptian pyramids, especially the Pyramid of Khufu at Giza. However, "pyramidologists" also concern themselves with the monumental structures of pre-Columbian America (such as Teotihuacan the Mesoamerican Maya civilization, and the Inca of the South American Andes), and the temples of Southeast Asia. The claims of pyramidology are regarded as pseudoscience by the scientific community at large, who regard their hypotheses as sensationalist, inaccurate and wholly deficient in empirical analysis and application of the scientific method. Even so, several writers whose speculative works consist of or use material of this nature have found a receptive audience among some sectors of the general public, and the sales of their books can be substantial. Pyramidologists claim that the Pyramid of Khufu has predicted the exodus of Moses from Egypt, the crucifixion of Christ, and the start of World War One by using pyramid inches to calculate years. They have used this method to work out the end of the world, which will be in the year 2979.
Types of pyramidology
The main types of pyramidological accounts involve one or more aspects which are :
- pseudoarchaeological: Theories that deny that the pyramids were built to serve as tombs; alternative explanations about the construction of the pyramids (for example the use of anti-gravity technology); and hypotheses that they were built by someone other than the historical Ancient Egyptians (e.g. Atlanteans, extra-terrestrials).
- numerological: Theories that the measurements of the Great Pyramid are esoterically significant, and their geometric measurements contain some encoded message.
- Pyramid power: Claims that pyramids as a geometrical shape contain supernatural powers.
History
Charles Piazzi Smyth probably coined the term, and claimed in 1870 to have made important contributions to "Pyramidology".
Martin Gardner described Pyramidology in 1952, thusly:
" [ ] known as Pyramidology [ ] rivals Atlantis in the number of books devoted to it [ ]" "
Gardner continues:
" [ ] it was not until 1859 that Pyramidology was born. This was the year that John Taylor, an eccentric partner in a London publishing firm, issued his The Great Pyramid: Why was it Built- And Who Built it- [ ] Taylor never visited the Pyramid, but the more he studied its structure, the more he became convinced that its architect was not an Egyptian, but an Israelite acting under divine orders. Perhaps it was Noah himself." "
This diagram from Smyth's Our Inheritance in the Great Pyramid (1864) shows some of his measurements and chronological determinations made from them. John Taylor was also the source of the frequently claimed appearances of both Pi and the golden ratio in the proportions
Allen, James & Manuelian, Peter (2005), The Ancient Egyptian Pyramid Texts (Writings from the Ancient World, No. 23), Brill Academic, ISBN 978-9004137776
Necia Desiree Harkless (2006). Nubian Pharaohs and Meroitic Kings: The Kingdom of Kush. AuthorHouse. ISBN 1425944965.
Verner, Miroslav, The Pyramids - Their Archaeology and History, Atlantic Books, 2001, ISBN 1-84354-171-8
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_pyramids
http://www.aldokkan.com/art/pyramid.htm
http://egyptphoto.ncf.ca/pyramid%20of%20Khufu.htm
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