Starea de bine și sănătatea ocupațională la locul de muncă

In ultimele patru decenii ale secolului 20, natura muncii a suferit schimbari majore pentru unii indivizi. Anii 60-70 au adus introducerea de noi tehnologii, utilizarea calculatoarelor la locul de munca.

Apoi au urmat anii 80 marcati de fenomenul globalizarii, in care multe companii au fost cumparate, au semnat aliante strategice, au fuzionat sau au fost privatizate. Aceasta perioada antreprenoriala a dus la cresterea competitivitatii economice pe piata internationala (Cooper & Jackson, 1997). In tarile afectate de recesiune, companiile faceau eforturi disperate pentru a supravietui. In ultimul deceniu, aceasta tendinta de restructurare a continuat in multe organizatii, deoarece era aproape singura solutie pentru a face fata mediului competitiv global in care acestea isi desfasurau activitatea.

Alte schimbari au marcat zona modelelor muncii, cum ar fi munca in call center-uri, munca in echipe, o crestere a increderii in tehnologia computerizata si o orientare catre o forta de munca mai flexibila, atat in ceea ce priveste numarul de angajati cat si in privinta deprinderilor si functiilor lor (Cox, Griffiths & Rial-Gonzales, 2000). Multe tari au semnalat cresterea participarii femeilor pe piata fortei de munca, rezultand astfel aparitia programelor de munca part-time, cresterea castigurilor duble in cadrul cuplurilor si cresterea generala a numarului de salariati. Cercetarile in domeniul psihologiei organizationale au urmat indeaproape tendintele transformarilor manifestate la nivelul muncii. Studiile au punctat consecintele modificarilor locurilor de munca, din punct de vedere al impactului la nivel individual cat si la nivel organizational.

Capitolul de fata se focalizeaza pe evidentierea problemelor de sanatate ocupationala si starea de bine a angajatilor, concentrandu-se asupra a patru mari arii ale psihologiei organizationale: nesiguranta locului de munca, orele de munca, controlul la locul de munca si stilul managerial.

Fiecare din aceste teme a devenit o problema majora ca urmare a modificarilor organizationale radicale. Exista din ce in ce mai multi angajati care muncesc mai mult si resimt o scadere a securitatii locului de munca si a controlului asupra acestuia.

Cercetarile au aratat ca tendinta restructurarii si reducerii activitatii din cadrul multe companii a dus la cresterea nesigurantei percepute a muncii, mai ales la nivelul angajatilor din cadrul tesa/ administrativ/ birouri (Pahl, 1993A ; Worrall & Cooper, 1998). Warral si Cooper (1998), de exemplu, au aratat ca 60% din esantionul national de 5000 de manageri britanici s-au regasit in situatii de restructurare in ultimele 12 luni, restructurare care a avut ca efecte reducerea activitatii si externalizarea. Consecintele acestor schimbari, chiar la nivelul unui grup ocupational aflat la un nivelul de la care putea controla evenimentele (managerii de la nivelul de top si middle), au fost cresterea nesigurantei locului de munca, scaderea tonusului moral si erodarea motivatiei si ...

ABTS D. , HOFER M. & LEAFGREEN P. K. - "REDEFINING CARE DELIVERY A MODULAR SYSTEM" - NURSING MANAGEMENT, 1994

ADLER - "AN INTERNATIONAL PERSPECTIVE ON THE BARRIERS TO THE ADVANCEMENT OF WOMEN MANAGERS" - APPLIED PSYCHOLOGY. AN INTERNATIONAL REVIEW, 1993

ALEXANDER A. B. - "AN EXPERIMENTAL TEST OF THE ASSUMPTIONS RELATING TO THE USE OF ELECTROMYOGRAPHIC BIOFEEDBACK AS A GENERAL RELAXATION TECHNIQUE" - PSYCHOPHYSIOLOGY, 1975

ANDERSON C. - "VALUES - BASED MANAGEMENT" - ACADEMY OF MANAGEMENT EXECUTIVE, NR. 11, 1997

ANDERSON C. - "FORMAL ORGANIZATIONAL INITIATIVES AND INFORMAL WORKPLACE PRACTICES" - JOURNAL OF MANAGEMENT, NR. 28, 2002

ARONSSON G. - "PSYCHOSOCIAL ISSUES AT WORK CURRENT SITUATION AND TRENDS IN SWEDEN. IN PROCEEDINGS OF OCCUPATIONAL HEALTH AND SAFETY" - IN PROGRESS NORTHERN BALTIC KARELIAN REGIONAL, 1996

BENSON H. - "THE RELAXATION RESPONSE" - IN D. GOLDMAN & J. GURIN ED. MIND/BODY MEDICINE. CONSUMER REPORTS BOOKS, YONKERS, NY. , 1993

BERNSTEIN D. A. BORKOVEC T. D. - "PROGRESSIVE RELAXATION TRAINING. A MANUAL FOR THE HELPING PROFESSIONS" - RESEARCH PRESS COMPANY, CHAMPAIGN, IL. , 1973

BIRK L. - "BIOFEEDBACK. BEHAVIORAL MEDICINE" - GRUNE & STRATTON, NEW YORK, 1973

BLANCHARD E. B. & ANDRASIK F. - "MANAGEMENT OF CHRONIC HEADACHES" - A PSYCHOLOGICAL, NEW YORK, 1985

BLANCHARD K. H. &O'CONNOR M. J. - "MANAGING BY VALUES. BERRETT - KOEHLER" - SAN FRANCISCO, CA. PUBLISHERS, INC. 1997

BOLES BABIN - "ON THE FRONT LINES. STRESS, CONFLICT, AND THE CUSTOMER SERVICE PROVIDER" - JOURNAL OF BUSINESS RESEARCH NR. 37, 1996

BEEHR & NEWMAN - "JOB STRESS, EMPLOYEE HEALTH, AND ORHANIZATIONAL EFFECTIVENESS" - A FACET ANALYSIS, MODEL, AND LITERATURE REVIEW. PERSONNEL PSYCHOLOGY, NR. 31, 1978

BROOK A. - "MENTAL STRESS AT WORK" - THE PRACTITIONER, NR. 210, 1973

BUNCE D. - "WHAT FACTORS ARE ASSOCIATED WITH THE OUTCOME OF INDIVIDUAL FOCUSED WORKSITE, STRESS MANAGEMENT INTERVENTIONS" - JOURNAL OF OCCUPATIONAL AND ORGANIZATIONAL PSYCHOLOGY, NR. 70, 1997

BURKE & NELSON - "ORGANIZATIONAL MEN. MASCULINITY AND ITS DISCONTENTS" - IN COOPER, & ROBERTSON, INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF INDUSTRIAL AND ORGANIZATIONAL PSYCHOLOGY, NR. 13, 1998

CARLSON D. , DEER C. B. - "THE EFFECTS OF INTERNAL CAREER ORIENTATION ON MULTIPLE DIMENSIONS OF WORK - FAMILY CONFLICT" - JOURNAL OF FAMILY AND ECONOMIC ISSUES, VO1. 24(1), SPRING, 2003

CARLSON - "THE ROLE OF SOCIAL SUPORT IN THE STRESSOR - STRAIN RELATIONSHIP" - JOURNAL OF MANAGEMENT, VOL. 25, L999

CARRINGTON P. - "CLINICALLY STANDARDIZED MEDITATION (CSM), INSTRUCTORS KIT" - PACE EDUCATIONAL SYSTEMS, KENDALL PARK, NJ. , 1978

CARRINGTON P. , COLLINGS G. H. , BENSON H. , ROBINSON H. , WOOD L. W. , LEHRER P. M. , WOOLFOLK R. L. & COLE J. W. - "THE USE OF MEDITATION - RELAXATION TECHNIQUES FOR THE MANAGEMENT OF STRESS IN A WORKING POPULATION" - JOURNAL OF OCCUPATIONAL MEDICINE, NR. 22, 1980

COHEN F. & LAZARUS R. S. - "COPING WITH THE STRESSES OF ILLNESS" - IN G. C. STONE, F. COHEN, & N. E. ADLER ED. HEALTH PSYCHOLOGY HANDBOOK. JOSSEY - BASS, SAN FRANCISCO, CA. , 1979

COLLINS J. & PORRAS J. - "BUILT TO LAST. SUCCESSFUL HABITS OF VISIONARY COMPANIES" - HARPER - BUSINESS, NEW YORK, 1994

COOPER ALLEN, SPECTOR POELMANS, O'DRISCOLL SANCHEZ - "A CROSS - NATIONAL COMPARATIVE STUDY 01 WORK/FAMILY DEMANDS AND RESOURCES" - INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF CROSS CULTURAL MANAGEMENT, VOI. 3(3), 2003

COOPER & MARSHALL - "OCCUPATIONAL SOURCES OF STRESS. A REVIEW OF THE LITERATURE RELATING TO CORONARZ HEART DESEASE AND MENTAL HEALTH" - JOURNAL OF OCCUPATIONAL PSYCHOLOGY, NR. 49, 1976

COOPER SLOAN & WILLIAMS - "OCCUPATIONAL STRESS INDICATOR. MANAGEMENT GUIDE" - WINDSOR, BERKS, NFER - NELSON, 1988

COOPER C. L. - "STRESS MANAGEMENT INTERVENTIONS AT WORK" - JOURNAL OF MANAGERIAL PSYCHOLOGY, NR. 2, 1987

COOPER C. L. & MARSHALL J. - "OCCUPATIONAL SOURCES OF STRESS A REVIEW OF THE LITERATURE RELATING TO CORONARY HEART DISEASE AND MENTAL ILL HEALTH" - JOURNAL OF OCCUPATIONAL PSYCHOLOGY, NR. 49, 1976

COOPER C. L. & MURPHY L. R. - "DEVELOPING HEALTHY CORPORATE CULTURES BY REDUCING STRESSORS AT WORK" - IN L. R. MURPHY & C. L. COOPER. HEALTHY AND PRODUCTIVE WORK. AN INTERNATIONAL PERSPECTIVE, TAYLOR & FRANCIS, LONDON, 2000

ELLIS A. - "THE BASIC CLINICAL THEORY OF RATIONAL - EMOTIVE THERAPY" - IN A. ELLIS & R. GRIEGER ED. HANDBOOK OF RATIONAL EMOTIVE THERAPY SPRINGER - VERLAG, NEW YORK, 1977