Expunerea profesionala la Plumb anorganic este raspandita in tara noastra, mai ales in acele regiuni, unde se practica prelucrarea industriala a minereurilor cum sunt blenda, marmatita, galena, smithsonitul, calamina si altele. Atat intoxicatiile evidente clinic, cat si cele subclinice sunt frecvente in populatia cu expunere profesionala la plumb.
Cercetarile actuale asupra toxicitatii plumbului in populatiile din medii industriale se axeaza pe definirea cat mai exacta a relatiei doza-raspuns, mai ales in cazul expunerilor la doze mici sau moderate. De un interes major se bucura dezvoltarea unor markeri biochimici si fiziologici semnalanti ai toxicitatii subclinice. Se impune nevoia delimitarii mai profunde a toxicitatii plumbului asupra sistemului nervos central si periferic, renal, asupra sistemului cardiovascular si cel reproductiv utilizand markeri nou descoperiti. Pentru a obtine informatii mai detaliate asupra expunerii individuale cumulative, cerecetarile viitoare cu privire la toxicologia plumbului vor utiliza tot mai des analiza fluorescentei cu raze X, pentru a determina continutul de Pb din oase.
Plumbul este un metal utilizat din antichitate. Toxicitatea lui asupra muncitorilor industriali este binecunoscuta de milenii. Medicul si poetul grec Nicandru, care a trait in sec. II I.
Chr., descrie cu mult lirism consecintele nefaste ale expunerii la un material numit cerussa, care a fost identificat ulterior ca fiind carbonat de plumb; in versurile sale el aminteste mai ales de aparitia colicilor, a paraliziei, a tulburarilor de vedere si a encefalopatiei saturnine la muncitorii care lucrau cu acest material. Tatal medicinei profesionale moderne, Ramazzini, a descris sindromul de intoxicatie industriala cu Plumb la cei din industria olaritului si la pictorii de portrete in lucrarea sa clasica De Morbis Artificum Diatriba, publicata in 1713: . In aproape toate orasele exista alti muncitori care de regula dobandesc maladii serioase de la fumurile toxice ale metalelor. Printre acestia se numara olarii. atunci cand au nevoie de plumb topit sau calcinat pentru a-si smaltui oalele, acestia piseaza plumbul in vase de marmura. in timpul acestui proces, otrava patrunde in organismul lor prin gura si prin nari. Initial, mainile lor devin paralitice, pe urma ei insisi devin splenetici, letargici, paralitici, edentati. . Am observat ca aproape toti pictorii pe care ii cunosc, atat din acest oras, cat si din celelalte, sunt afectati de cumplita boala. exista o cauza imediata a susceptibilitatii lor pentru aceasta maladie. Ma refer la materiile prime manuite si inspirate de acestia in mod constant pentru a vopsi sau colora, cum sunt miniul, cinabrul, sau cerussa (carbonatul de plumb) . In Anglia victoriana, medicul englez Charles Turner Thackrah descrie intoxicatia cronica cu plumb la plumbuitori si la cei din industria prepararii carbonatului de plumb: Plumbuitorii sunt expusi la oxidul de plumb volatilizat, care ia nastere in timpul ...
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