Clasificarea constructiilor
Criteriile de clasificare a constructiilor sunt:
a) Din punct de vedere functional si al destinatiei, constructiile se impart in doua categorii:
- constructii de cladiri
- constructii ingineresti.
Cladirile pot fi:
- cu caracter civil (cladiri de locuit, social-culturale, administrative, comerciale etc.);
- cu caracter industrial (hale parter si etaj, magazii, depozite etc.);
- cu caracter agrozootehnic (adaposturi de animale si pasari, depozite pentru produse
agricole, sere, ateliere de intretinere si adapost al utilajelor agricole etc.).
Constructiile ingineresti cuprind:
- cai de comunicatii; silozuri;
- turnuri;
- rezervoare;
- poduri;
- tuneluri;
- viaducte;
- hidrocentrale;
- retele de alimentare cu apa, gaze, termoficare, energie electrica etc.
b) Dupa forma in plan a constructiei se disting: constructii sub forma dreptunghiulara,
patrata, circulara, constructii sub forma de I, T, L, U, Y.
Figura 1 - Forme pe care le pot avea constructiile civile, industriale si agricole
Dintre acestea primele doua categorii au o comportare mai buna la seism, mai ales in
cazul constructiilor foarte inalte.
c) Dupa tipul constructiei:
- constructii etajate - blocuri de locuinte, spitale, hoteluri;
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- constructii tip hala-parter - hale industriale, sali pentru spectacole, expozitii;
- constructii speciale: recipiente pentru depozitarea materialelor si a apei;
- constructii tip turn.
d) Dupa structura de rezistenta:
- constructii cu structuri din pereti structurali realizati din zidarie, elemente din beton
monolit si prefabricat;
- constructii cu structuri din cadre realizate din beton armat monolit, prefabricat,
metal sau lemn;
- constructii cu structuri speciale realizate sub forma de placi curbe subtiri, arce;
- constructii cu structura mixta.
e) Dupa rigiditatea elementelor verticale de rezistenta:
- constructii cu structura elastica - stalpii sunt elementele verticale de sustinere; au
flexibilitate ridicata, se deformeaza in anumite limite sub actiunea fortelor
orizontale
- constructii cu structura semirigida - doar o parte a incarcarilor orizontale sunt
preluate de stalpi flexibili; tot in aceasta categorie intra si constructiile cu tub sau
miez central rigid si plansee in consola, cu cabluri sau sprijinite pe stalpi elastici
- constructii cu structura rigida - au ca elemente de sustinere verticale peretii care
sunt rigizi si nu permit aparitia deformatiilor sub actiunea fortelor orizontale
- constructii cu structura rigida si partea inferioara elastica - sunt realizate cu stalpi
de sustinere la partea inferioara pentru a permite crearea unor spatii mari deschise;
la nivelurile superioare stalpii sunt inlocuiti cu pereti structurali
Figura 2 - Constructii cu structura elastica (a), semirigida (b) si rigida (c)
f) Dupa modul de executie a structurii de rezistenta: monolite, prefabricate si mixte.
g) Dupa materialul din care este alcatuita structura de rezistenta: din beton, lemn, metal
sau mixte (beton cu metal, beton cu lemn).
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h) Din punct de vedere al importantei lor, constructiile se incadreaza in categorii si clase
de importanta.
i) Clasificarea dupa regimul de inaltime
Figura 3 - Clasificarea dupa regimul de inaltime
Categoriile de importanta se stabilesc tinand seama de urmatoarele aspecte:
- implicarea vitala a constructiilor in societate si in natura - gradul de risc sub aspectul
sigurantei si sanatatii;
- implicarea functionala a constructiilor in domeniul socio-economic, in mediul
construit si in natura - destinatie, modul de utilizare;
- caracteristici proprii constructiilor - complexitatea si considerente economice.
Categoriile de importanta care se stabilesc pentru constructii sunt:
- constructii de importanta exceptionala, categoria A;
- constructii de importanta deosebita, categoria B;
- constructii de importanta normala, categoria C;
- constructii de importanta redusa, categoria D.
Clasele de importanta se stabilesc in functie de gradul de protectie care trebuie asigurat prin
proiectare constructiei la actiunea seismica.
CONSTRUCTII CIVILE - PROBLEME SI SOLUTII MODERNE Daniel STOICA
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Clasele de importanta a constructiilor
Clasa de
importanta
Tipuri de cladiri
Factorul de
importanta
expunere
?Ie
I
Cladiri avand functiuni esentiale, pentru care pastrarea
integritatii pe durata cutremurelor este vitala pentru protectia
civila, cum sunt:
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